İskendername - اسكندرنامه.

This volume contains a copy of Ahmedi's İskendername or Alexandreide. Ahmedi, whose full name was, according to one of the copies in the British Library's holdings, Tacuddin Ahmet İbn-i İbrahim el-Ahmedi, is mentioned in the Şakaik (f 18r) and in the Tac'ut-tevarih (f 111r) as one of the Ulema of the reign of Sultan Bayezit I. He studied in Germiyan, his home region (near Kütahya, Turkey), and in Cairo. After his return home he became the preceptor of the Prince of Germiyan, who was fond of poetry, and afterwards attached himself to Emir Süleyman, son of Sultan Bayezit, who raised him to a high rank, and for whom he composed the present poem and many laudatory pieces. The Şakaik adds to the above account an anecdote relating to a witty repartee by which Hamdi ingratiated himself with Timur. Latifi, who has been followed by Hammer (GOD I, p. 89) differs from the above works by stating that Ahmedi is a native of Sivas and that he was patronized by Emir Selman, designated as one of the Buy Beys of the reign of Murat Han Gazi. As to the latter point, the evidence of the poem is clearly against him. The poet died, according to Takvim'ut-tevarih (p. 105) in 815 AH (1412-13 CE). Ahmedi did not translate the Iskandarnāmah of Nizāmi. As he says himself in the prologue of this work, he did not tread in the footsteps of anyone, nor did he appropriate the work of another auteur. Although adopting in its main features the Alexander legend, as shaped by his Persian predecessor, he tells it in his own way, and adds much original matter. He weaves into the narrative philosophical digressions on the origin and figure of the world, on humans, their bodily structure and mental faculties, virtues and vices, etc. More than a quarter of the poem is taken up with a review of Asian history, placed in the mouth of Aristotle, who tells Alexander of the kings who reigned before and who shall reign after him. The date of the composition is given with great precision, and according to four different eras, in the epilogue of other copies. The poem was completed on the first day of Rebiülahir 792 AH (17 February 1390 CE), corresponding to the years 1700 of Alexander, 759 of Yazdegerd, and 310 of Melikshah. There are, however, additions of a later date. The historical sketch is brought down to the invasion of Timur and the death of Bayezit I (804-05 AH/1401-03 CE), and it concludes with a panegyric on Emir Süleyman, who is described as the rightful heir to the throne and the reigning Sultan. The poet adds that, should God grant him life, he would record in another book the deeds of Emir Süleyman. That intention appears to have been carried out, as Haj. Khal. mentions (volume III, p. 615), a Süleymanname by Ahmedi Germiyani. A still later passage occurs some pages before: the history of the Ilkhanid dynasty is brought down to the defeat of Sultan Ahmet near Tabriz, by Qara Yusuf, an event that took place in 813 AH (1410-11 CE). In other copies, however, the same account concludes with the restoration of Sultan Ahmet, after the death of Timur (807 AH/1405 CE), to the throne of Baghdad. In some verses, the poet, after relating the extermination of Rustem's family by Behmen, adduces, as other instances of the instability of human greatness, the fall of Bayezit and Timur, and, lastly, that of his protector, Emir Süleyman. The Emir, fleeing from Edirne before his brother Musa, was stopped on his way to Istanbul and put to death by order of the latter in the early part of 814 AH (1411-12 CE). The present copy is imperfect at the end and is lacking 8 or 9 folios at the start of the text as well, corresponding to ff 4-13 of Harley MS 3273, and about 23 folios at the end (Harley MS 3273, ff 308-320). Of this last portion, however, a single leaf relating to the death of Alexander (Harley MS 3273, ff 312v-313r) has been preserved and is prefixed to the manuscript. A few single leaves are also missing in the body of the volume. The first page, f 2r, contains the beginning of the praise of the Prophet Muhammad صلعم. The penultimate page has the rubric ''residen-i İskender bi-deyr Zulkarneyn el-evel.''. The manuscript was likely copied towards the end of the 15th century CE.

Unrestricted

Acquired from the collection of Claudius Rich.

See Rieu, Catalogue of the Turkish Manuscripts in the British Museum, p. 164.

Other copies of this text can be found at Or 1376, Or 7234, Or 13837, Add MS 7905, and Harley MS 3273. For more information on the author and his life, see Hammer, Geschichte der Osmanlichen Dichkunst I, p. 89; Kınalızade, Or 35, f 52r; Kunh ul-Ahbar V, p. 128; Geschichte des Osmanliches Reiches, I, p. 350; and Gibb, Ottoman Poems, p. 166. For more information on the poem, please see Hammer, Geschichte der Osmanlichen Dichkunst I, p. 92; and Hammer, Jahrbücher LVII, Anz. Bl., p. 1.